Telegraph system



July 5, 1,927. I 1,635,130

'H. L. KRUM {TELEGRAPH SYSTEM Original Filed June 1916 I ll' I I'I I I I Patented July 5, 1927.

.- UNITED STATES.

mane

PATENT OFFICE.

HOWARD L. mum, on cnIcAeo, ILLINOIS, AssIeNon, BY mnsivn Assrenmnnrs, ro moaxnum-xnnmscnmm'r CORPORATION, on cnrcaeo, rumors, A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE.

TELEGRAIPH SYSTEM.

Original application filed June 30, 1916, Serial No. 106,925. Patent No. 1,434,290, dated October 81, 1922. Divided and'this application filed October 30, 1922, Serial No. 597,895. Renewedl iay 2, 1927.

The present application is a division of my prior application, Serial No. 106,925, filed June so, 1916. Patent No. 1,434,290, dated October 31, 1922..

The invention relates to selective or automatic printing tele'graphs having selective transmitting and receiving mechanisms and means for maintaining the receiving mechanism at one station in synchronism .with the transmitting switch mechanism at another station.

The present invention seeks to provide a selective telegraph system of this sort in which improved means are employed in ef fecting the synchronous operation of the transmitter and receiver mechanisms at the connected stations.

To this end I employ a novel normally closed line circuit in association with a relay which responds to the opening and closing of the circuit to effect control of the receiving distributing mechanism and the opera.- tion of the signal receiving magnets.

The various features and objects of the invention will'be more fully understood upon reference to the following detail description taken in connection with the. accompanying drawing, while the scope of the invention will be particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

The figure of the drawing is a diagram of circuits arranged according to the present invention and connecting two stations, one a. transmitting station and ,the other a receiving station.

The receiver switch mechanism which I employ is fully described in the aforesaid parent case, but certain of its. parts are shown in the drawing. These include a.

rotating switch arm a and a circular series 7 of cooperating contacts fixed to an insulat ing disk A. Preferably, the disk is arranged so that the contacts may be adjusted, as fully pointed out in the aforesaid case. The switch arm a is mounted upon a sleeve 17 which, in turn, is mounted upon a shaft.

18. The fit is' loose and, consequently, the sleeve 17 held stationary during the rot tion of the shaft 18. The latter extends through a central opening in the disk A. As pointed out more 'fully in the parent case, the shaft 18 is continuously driven by a motor, the

speed of which is maintained constant. The sleeve 17 isdriven by the shaft 18 through the medium of a yielding friction device.

For this purpose the shaft has secured '27 and at their outer ends are pressed snugiy against theinnerface of the flange 26. These parts afford a. secure connection be: tween the shaft and the sleeve so that the latter isproperly driven. But the connection is such that the sleeve and receiver switch carried thereby can be arrested, since the connection between the sleeve and the shaft afforded b the springs 28 and the friction disk will yield or slip. The space within the flange 26 isflordinarily enclosed and filled with a suitable lubricant to prevent undue wear of the springs 28'.

A disk 31 fixed to the sleeve 17 is provided with a shoulder-32 which normally engages a stop arm 33. ,The latter constitutes the armature of a trip magnet C and is sleeve is then effective to rotate the sleeve.

and switch arm through a singlerevolution whereupon they are again arrested by the engagement of the shoulder 32 with 'the stop The arm 33. The friction drive connection set forth operates effectively to quickly pick up and rotate the switch arm, as soon as the trip magnet is energized.

The sleeve 17'also preferably carries an insulated cam d which is arranged to operate a switch arm D.- The latter is suitably spring-pressed in a direction to bring it into engagement with contact 39 when not interfered with by the cam d. The latter is shown as provided with a recess 43 and when the parts are in the position shown, with the sleeve held against movement by the arm V vided with six. contacts;

33', the upper bent end of the switch arm D projects within the recess 43 so that the con tact 39 is engaged by the switch arm D. But during the greater part of the revolu- 'tion of the sleeve 17 the .cam d holds these contacts out of engagement.

The receiver switch mechanism above described may be combined with a transmitter switch mechanism into a single station in strument, as fully set forth in the aforesaid parent case.

Shaft forms the driving element of the transmitter switch mechanism which comprises-a rotating switch arm e, and an annular contact disk E. The arrangement of the disk E is similar to that of the receiver disk A, except that the transmitter disk contacts are not adjustably mounted. Like, the receiver switchoarm a, the transmitter switch arm'e is mounted on a sleeve 17 and is connected to itsdriving shaft 50 through a similar yielding friction connection,.and the sleeve is provided with a like controlling disk 31 and stop arm 33', the stop arm of the transmitter switch mechanism being controlled by a trip magnet F.

The sleeve. 17 ofv the transmitter switch mechanism is also provided-with a cam g,

which controls a switch G similar in construction to the switch D previously described, but the cam g is reduced in diameter through the greater portion of its periphery, being provided with a lug-51. Thus the switch G'is in closed position through the greater portion of the revolution of thetrans'mitter switch, but is momentarily opened just before this switch completes a revolution.

andreceiver disk is pro- A set of selecting Each transmitter switches It .serves to variably connect. contacts 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the transmitter disk to a-source of current to thereby determine the combinations of impulses imparted to the line as the transmitter switch arm e passes over these contacts, Preferably, the

signals are represented by permutations of five current and no-current impulses, and the switches it serve to variably connect and disconnect the line conductor 92 to and from 'thebattery H the selecting switches .hav-

ing normally disengaged cont-acts only. The

selecting switches 'h are directly connected to the-contacts 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the transinitter-disk by a set of conductors 54, and

the transmitter switch arm e is connected directly to the line circuit. The normal or rest position of the transmitter switch 1s m engagement with contact 6 which is per manently connected to the battery and the switch itself is connected to the line connormally maintained upon the line.

The line conductor 92 extends through a ductor 92, as just stated, so. that currentis neutral relay W at the distant station which 63 connects the contact 6 of the receiver disk to. an underlooking or releasing magnetN. Magnet N operates a normally closed switch 11;- which is vc ojimecited to the local battery L by a conductor-564, and the contact of this vswitch is connected by a conductor 65 to the contacts of a series of normally open locking switches or that are operated, respectively,

by the magnets M M M, M and M and are connected to the conductors 62 that lead to the coils of these magnets. ment is such that when any of the selecting The arrangemagnets is operated, it will remain connected to the-local battery until the underlocking switch a is opened.

When the line circuit is opened by reason of the transmitter switch arm 6 passing between contacts 6 and 1, line relay W is deenergized and-its tongue 'w is drawn by its spring into engagement with its back contact and closes the circuit from the local batt'ery L by conductor 94, and the switch tongue w, conductor95, switch D, and conductor'96 to the trip magnet C. The latter is thus actuated at the beginning of each transmitted signal. The coils of the magnet C, N, M M M M and M are grounded or connected by a suitable return wire to the local battery L.

The transmitter selecting'srvit'ches h are variably operated by a setof finger keys, one of which is shown at -68,"a'nd which are arranged like the keys in an ordinary typewriter. The keys are provided 'with lugs 69, these lugs being so arranged that: the depression of each key will operate a particular combination of the selecting switches which correspond to the character represented by the key. Each. finger key of the transmitter is also arranged to operate a switch it which is conected to the coil of the trip magnet F and also to the coil of the ,magnet P. Preferably the cut-out switch G is arranged in the circuit of the trip magnet F. As shown in the diagram the switch it isconnected by a conductor to the coil of themagnet P, and the latter is connected by conductor 71 to the switch G, the contact of which is connected to the coil of the magnet 1* by a conductor 72. Switch h has only one normally disengaged contact which-is connected by a conductor 73 to the battery H One terminal of the magnet F is grounded or connected by a return wire to the battery H Each finger key 68 is provided with 'a projecting lug 74 which is arranged to cooperate with a locking device 75 on the armature p of the locking magnet P.

When a finger key is depressed, certain of the switches'h are shifted so that as the transmitter switch arm 6 passes over the contacts 1, 2, 3, land 5, a permutation of current and no-current impulses, corresponding to thedepressed key, is transmitted to the line. The key also shifts the switch it so that current flows from battery H by conductor 73,-switch h, conductor 70, through magnet P, thence by conductor 71, switch G and conductor 72 through the trip magnet F. Magnet F is thus energized to permit the operation of the transmitter switch e, and magnet P is also energized to operate the lock device 75. This lockdevice holds down the shifted key and prevents the premature operation of the other keys. Just before the transmitter switch completes its revolution the cam 9 opens the switch G and the magnets P and F are deenerglzed. The transmitter switch is ar-' rested" at the end of a revolution and after it has passed over a number of contacts sufficient 'to transmit the combination of impulses corresponding to a single character. It should be'noted, however, that since the switch G is opened to release the locking device 75 before the -r' otary transmitter switch member reaches its normal position, messages may be rapidly transmitted without appreciable pauses between'the signals.

The line circuit is normally closed and the tongue w of the line relay W at the distant station is held against its normally engaged or front contact.' The selecting impulses of each signal are preceded by a uniform opening of the line circuit at the transmitter as the switch arm e passes from the contact 6 to contact 1 of the transmitter disk.v This starting interval will cause the tongue 'w of the line relay W to engage its back contact and circuit may then be traced from battery to the trip magnet C as previously noted. The stop arm 33 is then released and the receiver switch at once'commences to rotate over the contacts of" the receiver disk. As soon as this occurs, cam (1 opens the switch D and the magnet G is deenergized so that the stop arm is in position to arrest the receiver at the end of a single revolution. This switch is connected to the back conthrough conductor 64, switch 71., :conductor 65, switch m, and con:

ductor 62, through the coils of the magnet e tact of. the switch tongue w and operates in proper phase relation with the transmitter switch at the distant station so that the magnets M M M M, and M are variably operated inaccordance with the permutations of impulses; that is to say,'if the se lected impulse is a current impulse the switch tongue w will be held against its front contact as the receiver switch a passes over contact 1 and magnet M will be operated. If the first selecting impulse is a no-current impulse, the circuit of the magnet M will not e closed when the switch arm 'a passes over contact 1, since at this time the relay switch tongue 1w will be against its back contact.

In a similar manner the other magnets M M M and M are variably operated in .accordance with the different permutations of five currents and no-current impulses.

Whenever one of the magnets is operated,

its switch m closes a circuit from battery L normally closed which thus'remains energized, until the .unlocking or releasing magnet N is energized. This occurs when the receiver switch passes over contact 6, since at that time the transmitter switch at the distant station engages its contact 6, and a current'impulse passes over the line during a spacing interval at the endof each signal and holds the switch tongue relay w against its tongue contact.

Thus when any signal is completed, the transmitter and receivers switch mechanisms and the selecting magnets M M'*:, M M and M, are restored to normal condition ready for the next signal. The variable operation of these selecting magnets can be employed, as will be readily understood, to operate a suitable printing instrument.

The friction clutch device for operating the receiver switch is such that the latter picks up quickly and commences to operate as soon as the no-current starting'impulse which precedes the selecting impulses of each signal is received, to thereby operate the trip magnet C. It should be noted that the members of this friction clutch or coupllng are constantly engaged and slip past each other when the stop .arm 33 engages the driven somewhat faster than the shaft 50jof' the transmitter switch at the distant statio But as the receiver switch is arrested at t e completion of each signal it is operated in proper. s nchronism with the transmitter switch. referably', as shown, the contacts of the receiver disk are spaced farther 8. art

than the contacts of thetransmitter isk, except for'the space betweencontacts 6 and no i 1 upon the transmitter disk, .so that the receiver switch arm can run faster and be arrested at the end of each signal when the transmitter israpidly operated without appreciable pauses between the signals. Obviously, the difference in the relative angular spacing of the receiver and transmitter contacts should accord with and thus compensate for the relative difference in speeds at which the respective contact-arms are usually operated.

By accelerating the operation of the receiver switch arm relatively to that of the transmitter at the distant station, or having its 'period of operation relatively shorter, the receiver switch arm will be invariably arrested in normal position at the end of each signal and again started in proper phase with the starting no-current impulse re ceived from the distant station at the beginning of each signal. It should also be noted that not only is the angular spacing of the contacts of the receiver disk relatively great- ,er than that of the transmitter disk but the receiver contacts are also considerably smaller, and that by adjusting" the receiver disk in the manner more particularly pointed out in the parent case, the relation between its cont-acts and the normally arrested position of the receiver switch arm can be so adjusted that the latter canbe started and caused to register with the contacts during the midportions only of the selecting impulses or intervals of the received signals. Sincethe operation of the rotar transmitter member is locall controlled independently of the line con itions and by its movement during each signal period establishes all the changes in the line conditions, including the starting intervals, the receiver contacts need only be adjusted relatively to the normal rest position of the rotary receiver switch member to take care of variations in the time operation of its own starting means. Furthermore,no great frequency of speed adjustment is required to maintain the receiver member in proper operative relation with the transmitter member at the distant station. Thus the speed of the shaft 18 which operates the receiver can vary as much as 10 per cent or .15"per cent without affectin the proper operation.

This is a'particular advantage in lines having receiver mechanisms at a number of different stations all acting in response to a transmitter at a single station, since it isnot necessary to accuritely adjust orv attune the receiver at each station in accordance with the speed of the transmitter. each station is provided with a combined transmitter and receiver, as explained in my parent case, satisfactory operation may be obtained. In thdparticular form illustrated in said parent case the receiver shaft rotates considerably faster than the trans- WVhere mitter shaft and in the ratio of 39 revolutions for each 36 revolutions of the transmitter shaft. If two such instruments are employed at connecting stations and the station motors are operated at substantially the same speed, the rotary receiver member at each station will be driven faster than the transmitter member at the distant station and, by means of the start and stop clutch individual thereto can be brought into proper phase relation with the transmitter at the distant station between successive signals. While the rotary transmitter and receiver members of a combined station instrument are driven from a common motor, separate individual start and stop clutches are provided for arresting the same in normal position. l/Vith this arrangement the transmitter clutch can be and is controlled locally and independently of the line impulses, while the receiver clutch is controlled by the first non-current impulse imparted to the line by the movement of the distant transmitter from normal position.

It is obvious that numerous chan es may be made in the details set forth wit out departure from the essentials of the invention as defined in the claims.

I claim as my invention:

1. A telegraph system including a line conductor and a source of current in series therewith, a set of selectable contacts arranged to close or open said line circuit dependent upon their selected or non-selected condition, means for selectively operating said contacts, a distributer mechanism movable from a normal position to successively bring said contacts into series relation with the line, a relay in circuit with said line responsive to the opening and closing thereof, a local circuit including a second distributer mechanism under the control of said relay, and means dependent upon the movement of said first mentioned distributer mechanism from its normal position to initially open said line circuit to initiate the operation of said second distributer mechanism.

2. A telegraph system including a line conductor and a source of current in series therewith, a set of "selectable contacts arranged to close or to open said line circuit depending upon-their selected or non-select ed condition, means for selectively operating said contacts, a distributer mechanism movable from a normal position to successively bringsaid contacts into series relation with the line, a relay ,in circuit with said line responsive to each 0 min and closing thereof, a local circuit including a second distributer mechanism under the control of said relay, means dependent upon the movement" of said first mentioned distributer mechanism from its normal position and invariably operatingto initially open line circuit to initially operate said relay," and means responding to the initial operation of said relay to initiate the operation of said second distributer .mechanism.

,3. A telegraph system including a line conductor, a source of current, a distributer mechanism having. a seriesof contacts and operative to start from a closed initial position to initially opencircuit and, then successively close circuit through said contacts, a plurality of branch circuits connected to said contacts, one of said branch circuits connecting current to said line conductor through said distributer mechanism in its initial position, circuit-closing mechanism for selectively connecting current to said line conductor through other of said branch circuits, means under the control of said circuit-closing mechanism to initiate the operation of said distributer mechanism, a relay in circuit with said line conductor and responsive to the opening and closing thereof, and a local circuit including a second dis-- tributer mechanism under the control of said relay. I

4 A telegraph system including a line conductor, a source of'current, transmitting distributer mechanism and receiving distributer'mechanis'm associated with said line conductor, each distributer mechanism comprising a series of contacts and means movable from a normal position to successively close said contacts, means for causing said distributer mechanisms to complete their cycles, the receiving mechanism slightly sooner than the transmitting mechanism, means operative to stop said mechanisms in their normal positions, said distributor contacts operating uniformly in the normal position thereof to connect said source of current to said llneconductor, a relay in circuit with said line conductor and responsive and transmitter means for starting said transmittin mechanism to cause the same to open sai line conductor circuit to de-energize said relay.

5. A telegraph. system including a 'line conductor, asource of current, associated transmitting and receiving distributer mechanism associated with said line conductor, each distributer mechanism comprising a series of contacts and means movable from a normal position to successively close said contacts, means for causing said receiving mechanism to complete its cycle slightly sooner than said. transmitting mechanism, a connection for supplying current to said line conductor through said transmitting mechanism in'its normal position, said receiving mechanism being on open circuit in its starting position, the mid-contact closing positions of the receiving mechanism being equally spaced angularly and the like positions of the transmitting mechanism being equally spaced angular y except the first space following the normal position, said space being greater,

than the others, transmitting means for starting said transmitting mechanism from its normal position, means responsive to the resulting open circuit condition of the line conductor to start said receiving mechanism 6. In a telegraph system, a line conductor, I

current supply, means for variously connecting said supply to said conductor, a relay in circuit with said conductor and responsive to-the opening and closing thereof, a receiv-. ing distribut0r having a conductor connected.

to said supply whenever said relay is energized and having also a series of. distributing contacts adapted to be placed successively in circuit with said conductor, selective re ceiving elector-magnets in circuit with said contacts, electro-magnetic starting means for said receiving distributor, a starting cirpoint whenever said relay isde-energized, and contacts responsive to the movement of said-distributorto control said starting circuit at another point. 1 n 7. A telegraph system including a line conductor and a source of current in series therewith, a set of selectors, a transmitting distributor mechanism movable from a normal position to successively co-operate with said selectors and thereby variably open and line and responsive to the opening and clos- .-ing- 5 thereof, and a receiving distributor mechanism under the control of said magnet, said transmitting distributor mechanism having means dependent upon the movement thereof from its-normal position to initially open the line to de-energize said magnet and initiate the operation of the receiving dis- Q tributor mechanism.

8. In a start-stop telegraph system employing a definite interval code, the combination of a line circuit, aset of transmitting selectors, a co-operating distributor having contact means normally holding the line closed and adapted, upon the movement of the distributor from a normal sition, to invariably open the line at the ginning of each. signal, thereafter variably open and close the line in accordance with' the setting of said selectors and invariabl restore'the line to normal at the'end'of eac signal, and a receiving distributor initiated "in operation bythe opening of the line at the beginning of each signal.

close the line, a magnet in circuit with thecuit for said starting means closed at one '9. In a start-stop telegraph system employing a definite interval code, the combination of a line circuit, a set of trans- -mitting selectors, a rotary distributor memdefinite interval code, sets of transmitting and receiving selectors. operable in different combinations in accordance with the signals sent and received, start-sto rotatable dis tributors cooperating therewith, a line closed in the normal position of said distributors, means for starting the transmitting distributor into rotation, means controlled solely'by the movement of'the transmitting distributor for opening the line, and means responsive to such opening of the line for starting the receiving distributor into rotation.

11. In a telegraph system employing a definite/interval code, sets of transmitting and receiving selectors operable in different combinations in accordance with the signals sent and received, start-stop rotatable distributors cooperating with said sets of selectors, a line normally closedthrough said transmitting distributor, means for starting the latter distributor into rotation, means controlled by the subsequent movement of the transmitting distributor for initially opening the line, and means responsive to such, opening of the line for starting the receiving distributor into rotation.

12. In a telegraph system employing definite interval code signals, a line circuit, a

start-stop transmittingdistributor normally holding the line closed and adapted by its movement from a normal position to open the line during the starting interval of a signalfi'a' receiving distributor initiated in operation by such opening of the line, and corresponding. sets of transmitting andreceiving selectors associated in order ,with the line by the continued movement-of said distributors during the selecting intervals of the signals.

13. A telegraph system including a line conductor and a source of current in series therewith, a set of transmitting selectors, a start-stop distributor, means for conditionmg) said selectors and for starting said distri utor, transmitting contact means normally holding the line closed and operated by the initial movement of said distributing member from a normal position to open the line, and, by its continued movement, to variably open and close the line in accordance with the condition of said selectors and finally to restore the line to normal closed condition, a receiving distributor mechanism, and means responsive to the initial opening of the line for starting said receiving distributor.

14:. A start-stop telegraph system employing definite interval code signals, sets of transmitting and receiving selectors operable in different combinations in accordance with the signals sent and received, cooperating rotatable distributors having a normal position for holding the line closed and a series of off-normal positions corresponding to the signal intervals and through which it is movable to thereby open the line during the starting interval of each signal and variably condition the line under control of said transmitting selectors during the selecting intervals, and electro-magnetib means responsive to the starting intervals for initiating said receiving distributor and to the selecting interval to control its selector conditioning operations. 4

15. A start-stop telegraph system employing definite interval code signals, startestop rotatable distributors adapted to be continuously advanced during each signal pe= riod, stop devices for arresting said distributors in normal positions, line controlling contact means for holding the line closed inthe normal position of said transmitting distributor, and operative upon the movement thereof from normal to initially open the line during the'starting intervals of the signals, means responsive to such starting line condition for releaslngsaid receiver stop device, sets of selectors associated in order with the line by the continued movement of said distributors during the selectingv signal intervals and means for locally controlling the transmitter stop devices and for conditioning the transmitter selectors.

16. A start-stop telegraph system employing definite interval code signals, sets of transmitting and receiving selectors operable in different combinations inaccordance with the signals sent and received, cooperating rotatable. distributors having normal positions of rest, character key levers for conditioning said transmitting selectors and for starting the cooperating distributor, line controlling contact means for holding the line closed in the normal position of said transmitting distributor and operative upon the movement thereof from normal during each signal period to initially open the line,

and means responsive to such opening of the I top telegraph system employin different combinations in accordance with the signals'sent and received, cooperating rotatable distributors adapted to be continuously advanced during each signal period, stop devices for arresting the same in normal positions, key levers for releasing the transmitter stop devices and for conditioning the transmitting selectors, contact means for holding the line closed in the normal position of said transmitting distributor and operative, upon the release of the stopdevlc'e thereof and its subsequent movement from normal to'initially open the line during the starting interval of the signal, thereafter variably open and close the line in accordance with the condition of said selectors during the selecting intervals, and restore'the line to normal closed condition for at least a definite interval at the end of such signal, and means for releasing the stop device of the receiving distributor and for controlling its operation in response to the uniform opening and the varied opening and closing of the line during the starting and selecting intervals respectively.

18.- In a start-stop telegraph system employing a definite interval code, a line circuit, a set of'contacts, controlling selectors therefor, a start-stop rotatable distributor, said contacts holding the line closed in the normal position of said distributor, and adapted, upon the movement thereof from normal to initially open the line, thereafter, upon the continued movement of the distributor, to variably open and close the line in accordance with the condition of said selectors, a magnet in said line and responsive to the opening and closing thereof, and start-stop distributing and selecting receiver mechanism controlled by said magnet and initiated in operation uponthe de-energization thereof in response to the initial open-v ing of the line effected by the movement from normal of said transmitting distributor.

19. In a start-stop telegraph'system employing definite interval code signals, a normally closed line circuit connecting tWo stations, transmitting contacts and a receiver magnet interposed in series in said line cir cuit, start-stop rotatable distributor members and corresponding sets of selectors associated respectively with said contacts and said magnet, means for conditioning said selectors and for starting said transmitting member, said contacts being controlled by the subsequent movement from normal of said transmitting member to impart an open line starting condition followed by a varied open'and closed line selecting conditions in accordance with the condition of the corresponding selectors, and means controlled by said magnet for starting the receiving member in response to the open line starting conditions and for cooperating therewith to position the corresponding selectors in response to the varied open and closed line selecting conditions. i

20. In a start-stop telegraph system employing definite interval'codo signals, a normally closed line circuit, rotatable, startstop, transmitting and receiving distributors, sets of selectors individual to said distributors, means for continuously advancing the distributors during each signal period through a series of positions to associate the corresponding selectors in order with the line during the selecting intervals, stop devices for arresting said distributors in normal position, the operating positions of said receiver member being angularly spaced further apart than the corresponding positions of' said transmitter member to'permit the former to be driven at a relatively greater angular speed, means for controlling said transmitting stop device and the corresponding selectors independently of line conditions, means controlled by the movement of the transmitting distributor during each signal period for opening the line during the 7 starting interval of the signal, and means responsive to such open line condition for releasing the receiver stop device.

'21. In a start-stop telegraph system employing definite interval code signals, a line circuit, a start-stop transmitting distributor normally holding the line closed and adapted, by its movement from a normal position HOWARD "L"; KRUM. 

